Publications

Nilalayon ng pag-aaral na ito na ilahad ang gramar ng Filipino na may partikular na tuon sa kahulugan, sa palagay na ang kahulugan ng mga salitang bumubuo sa pangungusap ay may malaking kinalaman sa sintaktik na gawi ng mga ito at sa kahihinatnang anyo ng konstruksiyon. Inaasahang makapag-ambag ito sa pangkalahatang kabatiran ukol sa pagsusuri ng gramar ng wika ng Pilipinas, at maging sa mga larangang hindi pa gaanong nagagalugad sa konteksto ng Pilipinas gaya ng pormal na semantiks, aralin sa metapora, at linggwistiks ng wikang Filipino.

Ang unang kabanata ay naglalatag ng mga rekisito ng pananaliksik gaya ng paglalahad ng paksa, kaligiran at layunin ng pag-aaral, sakop at limitasyon, at metodolohiyang ginamit. Ang datos ay iniahon sa at ginagabayan ng Filipino Language Corpus, isang komponent ng kasalukuyang tumatakbong kolaboratibong pananaliksik sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Diliman, na may layuning ilarawan ang grammar at buuin ang monolinggwal na diksyunaryong Filipino ayon sa kasalukuyang gamit ng naturang wika. Ito rin ang gagamiting pangunahing depinisyon ng konsepto/terminong, “wikang Filipino” sa pananaliksik, bukod sa depinisyong ibinigay ng Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino.

Ang ikalawang kabanata ay naglalatag ng teoretikal na balangkas na ginamit sa pagsusuri at paglalarawan sa gramar ng Filipino gamit ang semantik na lapit. Ang balangkas ay hinango sa limang pag-aaral sa semantiks at gramar: Dixon (2005) para sa pagsusuri ng mga semantic type; Jackson (1990) para sa pagtukoy ng mga situation type; Malicsi (2013) para sa paglalarawan sa gramar ng Filipino; Conceptual Metaphor Theory na isinulong nina Lakoff at Johnson (1980); at Javier (2013) para sa mga pagpapalagay at pagbibigay-interpretasyon sa mga inilatag na situation type at semantic type.

 

Ang ikatlong kabanata naman ay naglalahad ng mga naunang pag-aaral ukol sa pagsusuri sa grammar ng Filipino, mga usapin sa pagitan ng Tagalog at Filipino, at teoretikal na palagay na bubuo sa balangkas ng pagbuo at pagsusuri sa semantik na gramar ng Filipino. Mula sa rebyu ng mga naunang pag-aaral, nakatukoy ng ilang mahahalagang siwang sa iskolarsyip kung saan maaaring makapag-ambag ang kasalukuyang pananaliksik. Ang mga ito ay may kinalaman sa pangangailangan sa: pagbuo ng kumpletong gramar ng Filipino mula sa lente ng semantiks; higit na masinsing pagpapangkat-pangkat ng mga ugat sa Filipino na nakabatay kapwa sa kahulugan at sintaktik na gawi; pagpapangkat-pangkat ng mga ekspresyon sa Filipino ayon sa estado, pangyayari, o aksiyon na inilalarawan nito; paggamit ng konstruksiyong metaporikal upang masinop at makita ang regularidad sa mga konstruksiyong orihinal na panlunan sa Filipino; at paggamit ng korpus ng aktuwal na gamit ng Filipino bilang gabay sa pagbuo ng gramar nito.

 

Ang ikaapat na kabanata ay ay naglalahad ng iba’t ibang situation type sa wikang Filipino ayon sa pangyayari o aksiyon na inilalarawan ng mga konstruksiyon. Kabilang din dito ang mga semantic role ng mga kalahok sa pangungusap na siyang kumukumpleto sa kahulugang hinihingi ng predicate at sa semantiks ng pangungusap sa kabuuan.

 

Ang ikalima at ikaanim na kabanata ay naglalatag ng semantic type na kinabibilangan ng mga noun, adjective, at verb, ang tatlong gramaktikal na kategorya na tuon ng pagsusuri sa pag-aaral na ito. Inilalahad din sa mga kabanata na ito ang mga gramatikal na katangian ng bawat kategorya at ang mga tungkuling ginagampanan ng mga ito sa pagpapakahulugan at pagbibigay-interpretasyon sa pangungusap. Ang mga verb ay binibigyan ng natatanging pansin dahil sa kahalagahan nito sa pangungusap, na nagbubunsod sa pagpapangkat ng mga konstruksiyon ayon sa situation type na inilalarawan ng pangungusap, na siyang pagtutuunan naman ng pansin sa ikaanim na kabanata. Dahil sa kalikasan ng Filipino bilang wikang Philippine-type, ang paglalarawan sa sintaktik na gawi ng bawat semantic type at subtype ay nakatutok sa mga panlaping karaniwang ikinakabit dito, bukod sa mga semantic role na hinihingi ng verb.

 

Ang ikapitong kabanata ay nagpapanukala sa pagtingin sa lunan bilang isang conceptual metaphor sa wikang Filipino, batay sa malaganap na paggamit ng mga gramatikal na mekanismong nagpapahayag ng lunan, partikular ang panlaping -an at ang marker na sa.

 

Ang ikawalong kabanata ay naglalatag ng buod at kongklusyon ng pag-aaral na ito. Ilalapag din ang ilang mungkahi para sa susunod pang pag-aaral upang mapalalim pa ang paglalarawan sa semantik na gramar ng Filipino at mapalawak pa ang ganitong lapit sa iba pang mga wika ng Pilipinas.

 

Inaasahan na ang semantik na lapit sa pagsusuring ito sa gramar ng Filipino ay magsilbing huwaran ng pag-aaral ng iba pang mga wika sa Pilipinas at makapagbigay rin ng iba pang pamamaraan sa pagtuturo at pagkatuto ng wika para sa mga nag-aaral nito bilang pangalawang wika, banyagang wika, o hiwalay na larangan.

 

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This study aims to describe the grammar of Filipino with particular focus on meaning, on the assumption that the meaning of the words that comprise a sentence largely contributes to their syntactic behavior and, consequently, the resultant construction of the sentence. It hopes to contribute to the general knowledge on the analysis of the grammar of a Philippine language, as well as on fields that have yet to be explored in the context of the Philippines, such as formal semantics, metaphor studies, and Filipino linguistics.

 

The first chapter lays the requisites of research such as statement of the problem, background and objectives of the study, scope and limitation, and methodology employed. The data set is derived and guided by the Filipino Language Corpus, a component of the ongoing collaborative research project in the University of the Philippines Diliman, that aims to describe the grammar and build a monolingual dictionary of Filipino based on the contemporary use of the language. The said corpus also informs the definition of the concept/term, “Filipino language” in this research, supplementing the definition officially provided by the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino.

 

The second chapter states the theoretical framework used in analyzing and describing the grammar of Filipino using the semantic approach. The framework is adapted from five studies on semantics and grammar: Dixon (2005) in analyzing semantic types; Jackson (1990) in determining situation types; Malicsi (2013) in describing Filipino grammar; Conceptual Metaphor Theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980); and Javier (2013) in making assumptions on and interpreting situation types and semantic types found in Filipino.

 

Meanwhile, the third chapter reviews previous studies on the analysis of Filipino grammar, topics relating to Tagalog and Filipino, and theoretical assumptions that form the framework for describing and analyzing the semantic grammar of Filipino proposed in this study. Based on the review of previous works, there are several significant research gaps where the current research hopes to contribute to address. These are related to the need for: providing a complete grammar of Filipino through the lens of semantics; a more thorough categorization of Filipino roots based on both meaning and syntactic behavior; categorizing expressions in Filipino according to state, event, or action that each one describes; employing a metaphorical construct to see regularities among constructions that express location in Filipino; and a contemporary corpus-guided grammatical description of Filipino.

 

The fourth chapter enumerates and describes various situation types in Filipino based on event or action described by the constructions. Also included are the semantic roles of the participants in a sentence, which complete the meaning necessitated by the predicate and the semantics of the sentence in general.

 

The fifth and sixth chapters state the semantic types of Filipino nouns, adjectives, and verbs, the three grammatical categories on which this study focuses. The chapters also describe the grammatical features of each category and the roles that they play in the formation and interpretation of the sentence. This study pays particular attention to verbs because of its significance in the sentence, resulting in the situation type to which a construction belongs. Because of the nature of Filipino as a Philippine-type language, the description of the syntactic behavior of each semantic type and subtype is focused on the affixes that are commonly attached to the verbs, aside from the semantic roles that these verbs require.

 

The seventh chapter proposes that the notion of location be construed as a conceptual metaphor in the Filipino language, based on the prevalent use of the grammatical mechanisms that expresse location, particularly the affix -an and the marker sa.

 

The eighth chapter provides the summary and conclusion of this study. Several recommendations are also suggested for future studies to deepen the understanding of the semantic grammar of Filipino and broaden the application of this approach to other Philippine languages.

 

It is hoped that this semantic approach to describing Filipino grammar can serve as a model in analyzing other Philippine languages as well as provide alternative methods in teaching and learning the language as a second language, a foreign language, or a separate subject of study altogether.

 

Nakatutok ang papel na ito sa deskriptibong pagtingin sa kalagayan ng Filipino, ayon sa aktuwal na paggamit ng mga tagapagsalita at sa impluwensiya ng Kastila at Ingles, mga wikang ipinakilala sa Pilipinas sa panahon ng kolonisasyon. Gamit ang kuwantitatibong paraan, sisiyasatin ang ingklinasyon sa lexical choice sa pasulat na Filipino ng mga mag-aaral ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Diliman, isang akademikong institusyong itinuturing na kultural at linggwistik na melting pot at nagpapatupad ng malinaw na patakarang pangwikang nakatuon sa Filipino, ang wikang pambansa.

This paper catalogs the provincial, municipal, and barangay-level place names—or toponyms—of the island province of Marinduque. Through close readings of primary historical sources and lexicographic texts, hypotheses on the provenance of these toponyms are forwarded. They are organized based on ten toponymic categories: physical descriptions, flora, fauna, persons, local or national events, geopolitical categories, human attributes, objects, concepts, or activities based partially on the categories in Jocano (1965), Medina (1992), Lesho and Sippola (2018), and Martynenko and Chesnokova (2019). The linguistic sources for Marinduque toponyms affirm the province’s place in the Tagalogspeaking regions, but strong signals also point to contact with Bisayan and Bikol communities.

This study utilized a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design in understanding the secondary system of therapeutic alliance from the perspectives of parents and caregivers of children with autism. In the quantitative phase, data from the accomplished questionnaires of 124 parent–caregiver dyads were collected and analyzed. Four factors extracted from the literature: treatment attitude, treatment compliance, level of stress, and perceived autism severity were examined as possible predictors of parent–therapist alliance, caregiver–therapist alliance, and parent–caregiver alliance. In the qualitative phase, eight parent–caregiver dyads (who both scored high in their alliance with therapist, alliance with each other, treatment attitude, treatment compliance, and level of stress) were interviewed to probe on their experiences of alliance-building, parenting, and caregiving. The integration of both quantitative and qualitative data led to the formulation of a conceptual framework that explains how the factors influence the secondary system of therapeutic alliance. These findings emphasize that tapping into the personal experiences of parents and caregivers can help in identifying what they value in a working, therapeutic relationship. Moreover, communication, skills training, and feedback among therapists, parents, and caregivers are essential to enhance positive attitude toward treatment, promote compliance to treatment recommendations, and address sources of personal stress. Nevertheless, this study calls for future studies to build into the factors associated with the systemic therapeutic alliance and to implement intervention programs that may target issues relating to attitude toward treatment, compliance to treatment, and experience of parental and caregiver stress.

Laguna Lake, the largest lake in the Philippines, supplies Manila's dense urban region with fish and water while operating as a sink for its stormflows and wastes. Transforming the lake to deliver these multiple urban ecological functions, however, has generated resource conflicts and contradictions that unfold unevenly across space. 

In Urban Ecologies on the Edge, Kristian Karlo Saguin tracks the politics of resource flows and unpacks the narratives of Laguna Lake as Manila's resource frontier. Provisioning the city and keeping it safe from floods are both frontier-making processes that bring together contested socioecological imaginaries, practices, and relations. Combining fieldwork and historical accounts, Saguin demonstrates how people—powerful and marginalized—interact with the state and the environment to produce the unequal landscapes of urbanization at and beyond the city's edge.

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In this piece, I aim to extend the spaces and tensions of populist ecologies by examining their contemporary urban forms. In the Philippines, urban populist ecologies articulate a politics of discipline that mines discontent among urban residents and fuels antagonistic rhetoric against the undisciplined “others” who are often blamed for the city’s problems. Using the controversy over an artificial white sand beach in Manila, I explore how environmental conflicts, visions of urban futures and authoritarian nostalgia coalesce around strongman populist performances that reimagine the urban environment by appealing to people’s aspirations for resolving urban disorder.

Introduction: This study focuses on a boy with autism spectrum disorder presenting with biting behaviors that interfere significantly with functioning.
Method: This was a single-case study design examining how techniques of applied behavior analysis can be utilized to decrease the frequency of the child’s biting behavior and increase more adaptive behaviors.
Results: The findings of the functional analysis indicated that other-inflicted biting behaviors were maintained by contingent escape from task demands (demand condition) and access to preferred objects and activities (tangible condition). Moreover, the self-inflicted biting behavior was found to be maintained by sensory stimulation (alone condition). Given these, a structured behavioral intervention, consisting of differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors, coupled with extinction targeted to each function of the behavior, was effective in reducing other-inflicted biting behavior in the demand conditions (67% reduction) and in the tangible conditions (95% reduction) as well as reducing self-inflicted behaviors in the alone conditions (100% reduction). More appropriate, adaptive behaviors like compliance, picture-assisted requests, and oral sensory activities also increased significantly.
Conclusion: These findings indicate that assessment and treatment based on the principles of applied behavior analysis can reduce not only problematic behaviors but also improve adaptive functioning.

In this article, we compare four fishing‐based areas in Thailand and the Philippines to examine if and how small‐scale fishing communities are able to escape marginalisation. Three questions guide our inquiry: (i) How have fishing communities been affected by overfishing, climate change and other pressures? (ii) What adaptive strategies have these communities employed to mitigate socio‐economic and environmental challenges? (iii) What has been the impact of these strategies on (escaping) marginalisation? Through a survey of 393 fishing‐based households and semi‐structured interviews with 59 key informants we find an uneven mixture of drivers, strategies and impacts. Respondents varyingly attribute declining fish catch to illegal fishing, overfishing, population increase, climate change and pollution. The case studies illustrate various degrees of adaptive successes that result from integration of top‐down and bottom‐up initiatives, and availability and access to livelihood strategies. However, the impact of adaptive strategies on overcoming marginalisation remains meagre and constrained by, among others, the power of illegal and commercial fishing and the absence of integrated spatial planning. We call for policy interventions and further research that takes into account the integration of top‐down and bottom‐up institutions, and the multiple dimensions and spaces of the drivers that shape fisherfolk marginalisation.