This chapter explores various mechanisms of expressing and euphemizing linguistic constructs related to sex, sexuality, and gender in the Filipino/Tagalog translations of the Bible. Centuries of colonization in the Philippines have resulted in the sacralization of the Christian text, penetrating different aspects of life in the country—from drafting the Constitution to conducting everyday activities, observing important events, and prescribing various sets of norms. For this study, focus shall be given to how translations of certain passages in the Bible shape and at the same time reflect perspectives on gender, sex, and sexual behaviors. Data were gathered from passages found in the Filipino/Tagalog translation of the Bible, written and published in different versions. Although published at different times, these versions of the Filipino/Tagalog translation of the Bible will be examined synchronically, considering their wide use and circulation throughout the Philippines at present. Translation and interpretation choices shall then inform how Filipino/Tagalog translators of the Bible describe and document Christian sensibilities, values, and biases regarding sex, sexuality, and gender. A close examination reveals that while there are Christian knowledge systems and practices that have been imposed upon the subscribers of the faith, there are communities in the Philippines that negotiate expressions of their sexuality and performance of their gender roles by adhering to the (sexual) scripts in the Bible and simultaneously subscribing to local (sexual) practices observed in their communities.

In this essay we map out the development of linguistic research on Tagalog, a major Philippine-type Austronesian language indigenous to the Philippines, by providing a historical overview of studies done on Tagalog. The first part is an overview of the works done as well as the motivations and implications of studying Tagalog during the colonial period. It will also discuss how Tagalog has become the basis for the formation of a national language, an imposed prerequisite for sovereignty shared with other postcolonial Southeast Asian countries in the earlier part of the 20th century. The second part of the essay looks at how Tagalog has led scholars to debate on and challenge theoretical notions, specifically on grammatical categories and subjecthood. This paper ultimately aims to consolidate major Tagalog linguistic studies and to systematically present them as an integrated body of knowledge in order to review what has been accomplished and what possible research directions can be taken in the future.

Nilalayon ng pag-aaral na ito na ilahad ang gramar ng Filipino na may partikular na tuon sa kahulugan, sa palagay na ang kahulugan ng mga salitang bumubuo sa pangungusap ay may malaking kinalaman sa sintaktik na gawi ng mga ito at sa kahihinatnang anyo ng konstruksiyon. Inaasahang makapag-ambag ito sa pangkalahatang kabatiran ukol sa pagsusuri ng gramar ng wika ng Pilipinas, at maging sa mga larangang hindi pa gaanong nagagalugad sa konteksto ng Pilipinas gaya ng pormal na semantiks, aralin sa metapora, at linggwistiks ng wikang Filipino.

Ang unang kabanata ay naglalatag ng mga rekisito ng pananaliksik gaya ng paglalahad ng paksa, kaligiran at layunin ng pag-aaral, sakop at limitasyon, at metodolohiyang ginamit. Ang datos ay iniahon sa at ginagabayan ng Filipino Language Corpus, isang komponent ng kasalukuyang tumatakbong kolaboratibong pananaliksik sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Diliman, na may layuning ilarawan ang grammar at buuin ang monolinggwal na diksyunaryong Filipino ayon sa kasalukuyang gamit ng naturang wika. Ito rin ang gagamiting pangunahing depinisyon ng konsepto/terminong, “wikang Filipino” sa pananaliksik, bukod sa depinisyong ibinigay ng Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino.

Ang ikalawang kabanata ay naglalatag ng teoretikal na balangkas na ginamit sa pagsusuri at paglalarawan sa gramar ng Filipino gamit ang semantik na lapit. Ang balangkas ay hinango sa limang pag-aaral sa semantiks at gramar: Dixon (2005) para sa pagsusuri ng mga semantic type; Jackson (1990) para sa pagtukoy ng mga situation type; Malicsi (2013) para sa paglalarawan sa gramar ng Filipino; Conceptual Metaphor Theory na isinulong nina Lakoff at Johnson (1980); at Javier (2013) para sa mga pagpapalagay at pagbibigay-interpretasyon sa mga inilatag na situation type at semantic type.

 

Ang ikatlong kabanata naman ay naglalahad ng mga naunang pag-aaral ukol sa pagsusuri sa grammar ng Filipino, mga usapin sa pagitan ng Tagalog at Filipino, at teoretikal na palagay na bubuo sa balangkas ng pagbuo at pagsusuri sa semantik na gramar ng Filipino. Mula sa rebyu ng mga naunang pag-aaral, nakatukoy ng ilang mahahalagang siwang sa iskolarsyip kung saan maaaring makapag-ambag ang kasalukuyang pananaliksik. Ang mga ito ay may kinalaman sa pangangailangan sa: pagbuo ng kumpletong gramar ng Filipino mula sa lente ng semantiks; higit na masinsing pagpapangkat-pangkat ng mga ugat sa Filipino na nakabatay kapwa sa kahulugan at sintaktik na gawi; pagpapangkat-pangkat ng mga ekspresyon sa Filipino ayon sa estado, pangyayari, o aksiyon na inilalarawan nito; paggamit ng konstruksiyong metaporikal upang masinop at makita ang regularidad sa mga konstruksiyong orihinal na panlunan sa Filipino; at paggamit ng korpus ng aktuwal na gamit ng Filipino bilang gabay sa pagbuo ng gramar nito.

 

Ang ikaapat na kabanata ay ay naglalahad ng iba’t ibang situation type sa wikang Filipino ayon sa pangyayari o aksiyon na inilalarawan ng mga konstruksiyon. Kabilang din dito ang mga semantic role ng mga kalahok sa pangungusap na siyang kumukumpleto sa kahulugang hinihingi ng predicate at sa semantiks ng pangungusap sa kabuuan.

 

Ang ikalima at ikaanim na kabanata ay naglalatag ng semantic type na kinabibilangan ng mga noun, adjective, at verb, ang tatlong gramaktikal na kategorya na tuon ng pagsusuri sa pag-aaral na ito. Inilalahad din sa mga kabanata na ito ang mga gramatikal na katangian ng bawat kategorya at ang mga tungkuling ginagampanan ng mga ito sa pagpapakahulugan at pagbibigay-interpretasyon sa pangungusap. Ang mga verb ay binibigyan ng natatanging pansin dahil sa kahalagahan nito sa pangungusap, na nagbubunsod sa pagpapangkat ng mga konstruksiyon ayon sa situation type na inilalarawan ng pangungusap, na siyang pagtutuunan naman ng pansin sa ikaanim na kabanata. Dahil sa kalikasan ng Filipino bilang wikang Philippine-type, ang paglalarawan sa sintaktik na gawi ng bawat semantic type at subtype ay nakatutok sa mga panlaping karaniwang ikinakabit dito, bukod sa mga semantic role na hinihingi ng verb.

 

Ang ikapitong kabanata ay nagpapanukala sa pagtingin sa lunan bilang isang conceptual metaphor sa wikang Filipino, batay sa malaganap na paggamit ng mga gramatikal na mekanismong nagpapahayag ng lunan, partikular ang panlaping -an at ang marker na sa.

 

Ang ikawalong kabanata ay naglalatag ng buod at kongklusyon ng pag-aaral na ito. Ilalapag din ang ilang mungkahi para sa susunod pang pag-aaral upang mapalalim pa ang paglalarawan sa semantik na gramar ng Filipino at mapalawak pa ang ganitong lapit sa iba pang mga wika ng Pilipinas.

 

Inaasahan na ang semantik na lapit sa pagsusuring ito sa gramar ng Filipino ay magsilbing huwaran ng pag-aaral ng iba pang mga wika sa Pilipinas at makapagbigay rin ng iba pang pamamaraan sa pagtuturo at pagkatuto ng wika para sa mga nag-aaral nito bilang pangalawang wika, banyagang wika, o hiwalay na larangan.

 

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This study aims to describe the grammar of Filipino with particular focus on meaning, on the assumption that the meaning of the words that comprise a sentence largely contributes to their syntactic behavior and, consequently, the resultant construction of the sentence. It hopes to contribute to the general knowledge on the analysis of the grammar of a Philippine language, as well as on fields that have yet to be explored in the context of the Philippines, such as formal semantics, metaphor studies, and Filipino linguistics.

 

The first chapter lays the requisites of research such as statement of the problem, background and objectives of the study, scope and limitation, and methodology employed. The data set is derived and guided by the Filipino Language Corpus, a component of the ongoing collaborative research project in the University of the Philippines Diliman, that aims to describe the grammar and build a monolingual dictionary of Filipino based on the contemporary use of the language. The said corpus also informs the definition of the concept/term, “Filipino language” in this research, supplementing the definition officially provided by the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino.

 

The second chapter states the theoretical framework used in analyzing and describing the grammar of Filipino using the semantic approach. The framework is adapted from five studies on semantics and grammar: Dixon (2005) in analyzing semantic types; Jackson (1990) in determining situation types; Malicsi (2013) in describing Filipino grammar; Conceptual Metaphor Theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980); and Javier (2013) in making assumptions on and interpreting situation types and semantic types found in Filipino.

 

Meanwhile, the third chapter reviews previous studies on the analysis of Filipino grammar, topics relating to Tagalog and Filipino, and theoretical assumptions that form the framework for describing and analyzing the semantic grammar of Filipino proposed in this study. Based on the review of previous works, there are several significant research gaps where the current research hopes to contribute to address. These are related to the need for: providing a complete grammar of Filipino through the lens of semantics; a more thorough categorization of Filipino roots based on both meaning and syntactic behavior; categorizing expressions in Filipino according to state, event, or action that each one describes; employing a metaphorical construct to see regularities among constructions that express location in Filipino; and a contemporary corpus-guided grammatical description of Filipino.

 

The fourth chapter enumerates and describes various situation types in Filipino based on event or action described by the constructions. Also included are the semantic roles of the participants in a sentence, which complete the meaning necessitated by the predicate and the semantics of the sentence in general.

 

The fifth and sixth chapters state the semantic types of Filipino nouns, adjectives, and verbs, the three grammatical categories on which this study focuses. The chapters also describe the grammatical features of each category and the roles that they play in the formation and interpretation of the sentence. This study pays particular attention to verbs because of its significance in the sentence, resulting in the situation type to which a construction belongs. Because of the nature of Filipino as a Philippine-type language, the description of the syntactic behavior of each semantic type and subtype is focused on the affixes that are commonly attached to the verbs, aside from the semantic roles that these verbs require.

 

The seventh chapter proposes that the notion of location be construed as a conceptual metaphor in the Filipino language, based on the prevalent use of the grammatical mechanisms that expresse location, particularly the affix -an and the marker sa.

 

The eighth chapter provides the summary and conclusion of this study. Several recommendations are also suggested for future studies to deepen the understanding of the semantic grammar of Filipino and broaden the application of this approach to other Philippine languages.

 

It is hoped that this semantic approach to describing Filipino grammar can serve as a model in analyzing other Philippine languages as well as provide alternative methods in teaching and learning the language as a second language, a foreign language, or a separate subject of study altogether.

 

Nakatutok ang papel na ito sa deskriptibong pagtingin sa kalagayan ng Filipino, ayon sa aktuwal na paggamit ng mga tagapagsalita at sa impluwensiya ng Kastila at Ingles, mga wikang ipinakilala sa Pilipinas sa panahon ng kolonisasyon. Gamit ang kuwantitatibong paraan, sisiyasatin ang ingklinasyon sa lexical choice sa pasulat na Filipino ng mga mag-aaral ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Diliman, isang akademikong institusyong itinuturing na kultural at linggwistik na melting pot at nagpapatupad ng malinaw na patakarang pangwikang nakatuon sa Filipino, ang wikang pambansa.

Aim. This study was aimed at validating the Filipino version of AD8 (AD8-P). Methods. Community-dwelling Filipino older persons aged ≥60 years, together with their informants, participated in this study. Psychologists independently interviewed the informants with AD8-P and administered the Filipino-validated Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-P) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-P) to the older persons. Neurologists and geriatrician conducted physical and neurological examination and Clinical Dementia Rating™ (CDR™) to determine cognitive diagnosis and were blinded with the results of AD8-P. Dementia was diagnosed based on DSM-IV-TR criteria. AD8-P discriminatory ability to screen for dementia was evaluated according to DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for dementia. Results. A total of 366 community-dwelling Filipino older persons aged ≥60 years, 213 with normal cognition and 153 with dementia, and their informants were included in this study. Majority (90%) were at the mildest stage of dementia. Area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUROC) for AD8-P was 0.94 (95% CI 0.92 to 0.96), demonstrating excellent overall predictive power to screen for dementia. The optimal AD8-P cut-off score with best balance sensitivity (91.5%) and specificity (77.9%) was ≥3. Conclusion. AD8-P demonstrated good psychometric properties to screen for dementia, even at the earliest stage of cognitive decline.

Tatangkain ng papel na ito na suriin ang estruktura ng mga verbal sentence ng Bahasa Indonesia na naglalaman ng mga hulaping applicative/causative na -kan at -i mula sa pananaw ng morphological focus system na siyang ginagamit naman sa paglalarawan sa Tagalog, isang Philippine-type na wika. Samantalang ang masalimuot na verbal morphology ng mga wikang Philippine-type ang tumutukoy sa complement na nagsisilbing grammatical subject, ang mga hulaping -kan at -i sa isang Indonesian-type na wika gaya ng Bahasa Indonesia ang naghuhudyat (trigger) sa pagpili ng direct object ng verbal predicate. Mula rito at sa datos na nakalap mula sa iba’t ibang teksbuk at panayam sa mga informant, tatangkain ng pag-aaral na ito na tingnan ang mga posibleng magkakatumbas na kayarian sa pagitan ng grammatical-subject marking ng Tagalog at direct object-marking ng Bahasa Indonesia, at tatalakayin ang implikasyon nito sa pagtuturo ng Bahasa Indonesia sa mga tagapagsalita ng Tagalog, at maging sa pagsasalin mula sa Bahasa Indonesia patungong Tagalog at vice versa.

This paper attempts to analyze the structure of Indonesian verbal sentence containing the applicative/causative suffixes -kan and -i from the perspective of the morphological focus system used in describing Tagalog, a Philippine-type language. Whereas the complex verbal morphology in Philippine-type languages indicates which complement serves as the grammatical subject, the suffixes -kan and -i in an Indonesian-type language such as Bahasa Indonesia trigger the choice of the direct object of the verbal predicate. With these in mind and gathering data from the different pedagogical textbooks and informant work, this study aims to look at the possible equivalent structures between the grammatical-subject marking of Tagalog and direct object-marking in Indonesian, and to discuss their implications for teaching Indonesian to Tagalog-speaking learners as well as doing translation work from Indonesian to Tagalog and vice versa.

The essay is a general overview of the Philippine Performance Archive on Cultural Performances. The first part is an introduction and a presentation of the archival project with emphasis on the concept of cultural performance, concretized within performance studies paradigm using Philippine society and culture as context. The second part is a discussion of how data in the archive were documented and collected using focused ethnography as primary methodology. The method is argued to be the distinguishing mark of the project from other digital archives. Also, this section provides a detailed exposition about the significance of understanding local performance vocabularies and how these terms are translated into the archive through semantic framing. In the end, it is asserted that the Philippine Performance Archive on Cultural Performances functions not only as a repository of resource materials on the study of Philippine cultural performances but also as a performative cultural memory and a pedagogical tool.

This essay is a preliminary discussion of the palo-palo, a cultural performance of the Ivatan community in the Batanes group of islands in northernmost Philippines where performers strike "opponents's" sticks to reenact a battle of two opposing camps. The first part is a descriptive narrative of the palo-palo performance. The second part is a preliminary analysis and theorization of the palo-palo's origin by arguing that the performance could have been based on and/or inspired by the komedya, a Philippine traditional theatre form introduced by the Spaniards during colonization which has roots in the socio-historical conflict of the Christians and the Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula in Southwest Europe. Generally, the localization of the form is argued to be paradoxically an embrace and repudiation of the foreign.

[Excerpt] Tulad ng karamihan sa mga wika sa Pilipinas, ang verbal na sentence sa Mag-antsi ay binubuo ng VP (bilang predicate) at mga complement nito. ...[A]ng verb ay maaaring umayon sa kanyang mga nominal clause element sa pamamagitan ng mga affix na ikinakabit dito. Sa isang verbal na sentence, halimbawa, habang kinukuha ng subject o focus ng verb ang subject marker na ya, naka-encode naman sa verbal predicate ang semantic role na kanyang fino-focus. Samantala, ang mga NP na hindi fino-focus ng verbal predicate ay may kani-kaniyang determiner. Sa kani-kaniyang determiner malalaman kung gayon ang mga ugnayan sa pagitan ng mga NP at ng bawat NP sa verbal predicate. Ang ganitong kumplikadong sistema ng verb ay tipikal sa mga Philippine-type language (Kroeger, 1993; Blust, 2002), kung saan kabilang ang Mag-antsi.

Kaakibat ng binubuong UP Monolingguwal na Diksiyonaryong Filipino (UP MDF) ang pangangalap ng korpus ng wikang Filipino kapwa sa anyong pasalita at pasulat. Ang naturang korpus ang magsisilbing batayan sa pagpili ng mga salitang bubuo sa leksikograpikong akda, maging sa paglalarawan ng gramatika ng kontemporaryong gamit ng wikang pambansa. Pagtutuunan ng pansin ang pamamaraang ortograpiko ng mga pasulat na tekstong nakapaloob sa pasulat na korpus ng Filipino, partikular ang pagkakabit ng reduplicative affix C1(C2)V1- at ang pagbaybay ng mga salitang may <s(i)yon> at <s(i)ya>. Ihahambing ito sa mga pamantayang ipinatutupad ng Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF), na siyang pangunahing nagtatakda sa magiging anyo ng mga hiniram na salita patungong Filipino. Batay sa datos na nakalap, lumilitaw na bagaman may tiyak na tuntuning ipinatutupad ang KWF hinggil sa usapin ng pagbabaybay ng mga hiram na salita, makikita pa rin ang pagtaliwas dito kahit sa mga tekstong nailimbag na pambansa ang lawak ng sirkulasyon. Hindi maaaring isantabi ang mga kataliwasang ito sapagkat nilalayon ng UP MDF na ilarawan ang Filipino ayon sa mismong paggamit ng mga tagapagsalita nito sa kontemporaryong panahon, kung kaya, ang mga anyong may iba’t ibang paraan ng pagbaybay ay itinuturing na mga variant. Ang mga variant na may mataas na bilang ang gagamitin sa diksiyonaryo. Magkagayunpaman, kinakailangan pa ring isaalang-alang ang mga tuntunin ng KWF sa layuning makabuo ng batayan ang ortograpiyang Filipino, kung kaya inaasahan na ang diskurso hinggil sa paksang ito ay mananatili at magpapatuloy.

The UP Monolingguwal na Diksiyonaryong Filipino [UP Monolingual Filipino Dictionary] (UP MDF) is currently compiling a Filipino language corpus in written and spoken forms. This corpus will be the basis of words that will be chosen as part of the lexicographic work, as well as the description of the grammatical structure of the contemporary use of the national language. This paper focuses on the orthographic systems of the published texts included in the written corpus of Filipino, particularly the forms that are derived using the reduplicative affix C1(C2)V1- and the spelling or respelling of forms with <s(i)yon> and <s(i)ya>. The results of the description of these orthographic processes are compared with the standardization rules of the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino [Commission on the Filipino Language] (KWF), the primary state language agency that assigns the written forms of borrowed terms in Filipino. From the data collected, it appears that while the KWF has already come up with definitive rules with regard to the spelling of borrowed lexical items, there have been a number of instances that these rules have been disregarded as seen from the materials that were published for national circulation and were used for the Filipino language corpus. These forms that deviate from the KWF rules, however, cannot be dismissed since the goal of the UP MDF is to describe the current use of Filipino by its speakers, hence, the forms that are spelled differently are considered variants and the word with the higher frequency count becomes the primary entry in the dictionary. Neverthless, there should be a consideration of the orthographic rules implemented by the KWF as a means of standardization such that discussions on the matter are expected to continue.

This paper calls for an interdisciplinary approach to policy formulation regarding the language of education in the Philippines. It has been long agreed upon that for the students to comprehend pieces of information, the medium of instruction is important. Continually shifting policies among three important languages has born different outcomes. However, given their high linguistic diversity, communities in the Philippines have become even more multilingual and multicultural. Constant and rigorous dynamics among the members of these communities has made some of these policies démodé since most of their research database has been exclusively between education and language studies. The bases for the formulation of policies on the language of the education system are the test-results-based outcomes on learning based on experimental settings and sometimes on the advocacies of particular groups. There is indeed a call for other perspectives from different fields and methodologies to contribute to the formulation of the language policy. It is on this note that this study attempts to integrate different social sciences in (re)discovering methodologies toward the possible encompassing determination, or non-determination, of medium(s) of instruction.

For this paper, the researcher attempts to describe the clause structure of Tagalog using Cognitive Grammar. Abiding by the said framework, sentences are regarded as grammatical constructions that represent different event schemas, which are then categorised into situations in: (1) the material world, or how the structured world exists, changes, or undergoes processes; and (2) the psychological world, or the internal world of human sensation, emotion, perception and thought. Analysing the semantic grammar of Tagalog, that is, looking at linguistic utterances as motivated by the meaning that the speaker wants to express, this study aims to provide new insights with regards to the characteristics of the components of grammar as a reflection of cognition.

Folklore, such as the narratives of the supernatural, functions as a vehicle for elements of culture such as belief systems, ideologies and shared memories. This study explores the changes undergone by Philippine narratives of the supernatural vis-à-vis the urban development of the community where they thrive. It is demonstrated that the characters of the narratives of the supernatural are perceived to be of equal or even higher stature than those of members of the rural communities. With the locality experience changes brought about by urbanisation, this folklore is inevitably modified to suit the people’s environment and sensibilities, by reappropriating new functions and roles in the community. A different impression is observed in the context of the urban community; but, the collective sense of respect evoked by the urban dwellers has endured. This is the form which the latent belief system among Filipinos has taken, one that forges their common identity.

Ang pag-aaral na ito ay isang pagsipat sa grammar ng Tagalog batay sa mga prinsipyo ng Cognitive Grammar, na may partikular na diin sa clause structure. Bilang isang theoretical framework na tumitingin sa wika bilang bahagi ng human cognition, tutukuyin ng pananaliksik na ito ang clausal at sentential organisation ng Tagalog, na nagsisilbing 'schematic templates' na nabuo bilang consequence ng madalas na gamit at/o pagkarinig. Ang unang chapter ay maglalahad ng ilang prerequisite ng pananaliksik tulad ng paksa, kaligiran, at layunin ng pag-aaral; sakop at limitasyon at metodolohiyang ginamit; at ang kahalagahan ng ganitong approach sa makaagham na pag-aaral ng wika. Umiinog ang ikalawang chapter sa theoretical framework na Cognitive Grammar—ang pagsasakonteksto nito sa mas malawak na Cognitive Linguistics enterprise at ang pagtalakay sa mga batayang assumption, konsepto, at prinsipyong umiiral sa Cognitive Grammar. Sa ikatlong chapter naman matutunghayan ang iba‟t ibang event schema sa Tagalog, at ang descriptive na analysis sa structure at organisation ng mga pangungusap na nagpapahayag ng mga event schema, na nahati sa tatlong worlds of experience: material world, psychological world, at force-dynamics world. Ang ikaapat na chapter naman ay ang pagbibigay-representasyon sa construction ng sentence sa pamamagitan ng structural syntax na bahagi ng Cognitive Grammar. Pagtutuunan ng pansin ang construction at derivation ng mga structure na bumubuo sa basic sentence at ilang halimbawa ng complex construction tulad ng adverbial expression, relativised clause, at embedded clause bilang object ng utterance/cognition verb. Ang huling bahagi ay ang paglalahad ng ilan pang punto sa applicability ng Cognitive Grammar sa pag-aaral ng Tagalog. Matutunghayan din ang pagmumungkahing ang mga resulta ng pananaliksik sa ilalim ng nasabing framework ay may malaking maiaambag sa mga kaugnay na pag-aaral ng wika tulad ng psycholinguistics, language acquisition at learning, at pedagogy.

Space is the integration of the physical and social realms. The existence of the physical space is driven by the function assigned to it by the society. This phenomenon has been observed recently in the impending changes on Hambil, or Carabao Island, one of the islands of Romblon situated at the south of Tablas Island and north of Boracay Island, the hub for international visitors.

Carabao Island has attributes that can be considered "natural" to the area. The tourism department of the country has recently declared Hambil as the next Boracay, given the potential destinations. Recent developments on the island and its nearby waters have received different feedbacks from the residents of Carabao Island, mostly in a positive light because of the prospects of alternative sources of income.

Nevertheless, the Hambilanons are adamant in preserving the beauty of their island landscape; they have witnessed and learned from what they perceive as degradation of Boracay Island. Communal efforts have been undertaken to develop policies before the development of the land for commercial purposes. Such policies include those that involve their landscape such as forest reserves, space allocation on residential and commercial areas, and fish sanctuaries. So as to preserve the landscape that is engraved into a Bisayan culture of the Hambilanons, collaborative effort and communal solidarity are apparent to the members of the community. The aesthetics of the coastal landscape is appreciated through its inherent features and also its role for the subsistence of the community.

Tatangkain ng pag-aaral na ito na palitawin ang mga dayalekto ng Inonhan sa Isla de Carabao, Romblon, bilang tugon sa obserbasyon ng mga tagaroon na mayroong pagkakaiba-iba sa “salita” ang bawat sitio sa nasabing isla. Bilang preliminaryong pag-aaral, gagamitin ang antas na lexicostatistic sa metodolohiya ng dialect geography upang mapalitaw ang mga dayalektal na katangian ng bawat sitio. Matapos makalap ang datos sa pormang wordlist at maiparaan sa mga pamamaraang idinidikta ng mga nabanggit na metodolohiya, lumitaw na (1) tunay na magkakalapit ang mga speech habit ng mga nakatira sa lahat ng sitio ng Isla de Carabao, base sa cognate percentage ng mga ito sa isa’t isa; at (2) may limang posibleng dayalekto ng Inonhan sa isla: Inonhan-Busay, Inonhan-Tinap-an, Inonhan-Pacul, Inonhan-Tan-agan, at Inonhan-Sa-id-Batacan, batay sa mga lexical feature na masasabing katangi-tangi sa mga sitiong ito. Gayumpaman, dahil sa napansing labis na nakakalat ang mga posibleng isogloss ng isla, malaki ang posibilidad na bukod sa limang dayalektong nabanggit, mayroong iba pang varieties ang Inonhan sa Isla de Carabao.

This paper is an overview of the linguistic situation of Isla de Carabao, Romblon, and a preliminary dialectology of Inonhan, the language predominantly spoken in the island. Methodologies from lexicostatistics will be employed so as to process the lexical data obtained from fieldwork. The brief historical account and current socio-economic condition of the island discussed in this paper will be taken into account to explain the erratic behavior of the cognate forms found in the sitios that comprise the island. Accordingly, it is discovered that the dynamics of the population in this permeable island results in the multilingualism of the locality, as evidenced principally by the large number of loanwords from other languages. Using these findings, it can therefore be said that Inonhan is a living language which is open to linguistic innovations, enabling it to cope with the development and advancements in the way of life in Isla de Carabao.

[Excerpt]

Dahil sa ang Unibersidad ng Pilipinas ang siyang pambansang pang-estadong pamantasan ng bansa, ito ang pangunahing naninindigan sa paggamit ng pambansang wikang Filipino sa diskurso sa loob ng nasabing akademikong pamayanan. Tulad ng nabanggit sa itaas, malalim ang pakikilahok ng Departamento ng Linggwistiks sapagkat ito ang kaniyang pundamental na raison d'être. Dahil sa ang UP Diliman ay nasa Lunsod ng Quezon, Pambansang Punong Rehiyon, ginagamit ng Unibersidad, at ng Departamento, ang Filipino variety ng Kalakhang Maynila.

[...] Ang siyentipikong pag-aaral sa wika ay ipinakilala sa bansa sa pamamagitan ng pagtatatag ng Departamento ng Linggwistiks sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas noong 1922. Gayunman, hindi ibig sabihing ang mga naunang pag-aaral sa (gramatika ng) mga wika sa Pilipinas tulad ng pagsusuring panggramatika ni Rizal (1962) ay hindi linggwistiks. Bago sa panlasa ng academic community ang brand ng Linggwistiks na ipinakilala noong 1922 dahil sa mga bagong metodolohiya at lapit sa wika na in-introduce sa bansa. Ang puntong yaon ang naghudyat sa pagyabong ng kaalaman at pagti-theorise tungo sa makabagong pananaliksik hinggil sa mga wika ng Pilipinas.