Two bootstrap procedures are introduced into the hybrid of the backfitting algorithm and the Cochrane–Orcutt procedure in the estimation of a spatial-temporal model. The use of time blocks of consecutive observations in resampling steps proved to be optimal in terms of stability and efficiency of estimates. Between iterations, there were minimal changes in the empirical distributions of the parameter estimates associated with the covariate and temporal effects indicating convergence of the algorithm. Crop yield data are used to illustrate the proposed methods.
The simulation study indicated that prediction error from the fitted model (estimated from either Method 1 or Method 2) is very low. Also, the prediction error is relatively robust to the number of spatial units and the number of time points.
Grace Barretto-Tesoro and Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre UNESCO (ACCU) for Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office. 2010. “Country Report: Philippines.” In Research Analysis and Preservation of Archaeological Sites and Remains, Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2010, Pp. 326-330. Nara, Japan: Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU).
Ortho-type UP resin is reinforced with long abaca and short bagasse fibers to produce a novel type of natural fiber-reinforced (NFR) hybrid composite material that is environment-friendly, has a long service life, possesses the properties of both long and short FRP’s, and has also acquired the advantages of utilizing two different types of natural fiber reinforcements. The abaca and bagasse fibers are treated in 5wt% NaOH(aq) solution at 80°C for 9 hours and pressed into continuous, unidirectional fiber sheets and random fiber mats, respectively. The fibers are then incorporated into the resin matrix by hand lay-up method, producing FRP laminates with the same uniform thickness but subjected to varying fiber loading conditions: (1) the stacking of long fiber sheets are done in cross-ply and parallel orientation; (2) the abaca and bagasse fibers are stacked in different alternating sequence patterns, and (3) the fibers are added into the ortho-UP matrix at increasing fiber fraction. The alkali-treated FRP laminates show an increase in fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion as compared to the untreated FRP’s, based on the overall improvement in the composite mechanical strength, as well as from the lesser visible fiber pull-out observed from SEM images on their fracture surfaces. Also, as expected, the tensile and flexural strengths of the abaca/bagasse hybrid FRP measures intermediate to those of abaca and bagasse FRP’s. The strength has also improved with increasing fiber content, although this increase has also caused an increased occurrence of void spaces that may consequently become detrimental to the NFR composite’s performance.
Titled Global Makeover: Media and Culture in Asia, the more than 200-page book consists of 11 articles that provide an in-depth look at how media operate due to various influences, as well as how culture gets shaped by media systems, technological developments and other factors...(The book) is edited by Danilo Araña Arao, a journalist and assistant professor at the UP College of Mass Communication. (Quoted from http://risingsun.dannyarao.com/2011/01/20/new-book-analyzes-global-makeover/)
Background. Carbohydrates have varied rates of digestion and absorption that induces different hormonal and metabolic responses in the body. Given the abundance of carbohydrate sources in the Philippines, the determination of the glycaemic index (GI) of local foods may prove beneficial in promoting health and decreasing the risk of diabetes in the country. Methods. The GI of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) grits, milled rice, and the mixture of these two food items were determined in ten female subjects. Using a randomized crossover design, the control bread and three test foods were given on separate occasions after an overnight fast. Blood samples were collected through finger prick at time intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min and analyzed for glucose concentrations. Results. The computed incremental area under the glucose response curve (IAUC) varies significantly across test foods (P < .0379) with the pure QPM grits yielding the lowest IAUC relative to the control by 46.38. Resulting GI values of the test foods (bootstrapped) were 80.36 (SEM 14.24), 119.78 (SEM 18.81), and 93.17 (SEM 27.27) for pure QPM grits, milled rice, and rice-QPM grits mixture, respectively. Conclusion. Pure QPM corn grits has a lower glycaemic response compared to milled rice and the rice-corn grits mixture, which may be related in part to differences in their dietary fibre composition and physicochemical characteristics. Pure QPM corn grits may be a more health beneficial food for diabetic and hyperlipidemic individuals.
An analytical building model including the nonlinear e®ects caused by gravity is presented in this paper. Governing equations are derived for both single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) and multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) models with large displacements taken into account, and solutions are obtained by direct integration and modal analysis. The response of typical structures subjected to harmonic ground excitation was expressed in exact and approximate forms, compared with the response of an equivalent shear building. Numerical examples show that while gravity generally decreases the natural frequency of elastic SDOF systems with small displacement approximations, actual natural frequency increases with ground motion. The di®erence in the natural frequency and response of MDOF systems to the equivalent shear building is not only due to gravity, but also caused by the geometry of the structure. Exact solution shows that the frequency varies with ground motion amplitude.
Keywords: Flexure building; gravity e®ect; nonlinearity; analytical building; building model.
The effects of rice trade policy reforms on household welfare, as indicated by changes in consumer and producer prices, are analyzed using nonparametric regression and density estimation. Since many households in the Philippines are consumers and producers of rice, the net benefit ratio (NBR) was used to measure the change in household welfare given changes in prices. The impact of a policy change is not the same across different groups of households. Thus, varying welfare effects should be considered in designing policy interventions. Among the different rice trade policy scenarios, the elimination of quantitative restriction and full tariff reduction can lead to highest gains in household welfare in the long run.
A new method for wave propagation modeling is introduced in this paper. By using the constraint optimization (Lagrange multiplier) method, the sum of weighted squared Fourier amplitudes is minimized when subjected to a constraint. The sum of the maximum amplitudes obtained from all output models is normalized to unity and is taken as a constraint. In this method, all the actual time histories are considered as outputs and dealt with equally. Independently of the combinations of time histories (or the first time history selected) during the analysis, the method captures the relationship of actual time histories by showing clear peaks. This paper describes the formulation of the models and illustrates the advantage of this method over the normalized input-output minimization (NIOM) method. The Mod-NIOM is then used to analyze the time histories of the Hyogoken-nanbu earthquake recorded at the Port Island vertical array site in Kobe, which suffered from liquefaction caused by the strong motions during the main shock. This method showed good correlations between the observed time histories at the site even though the surface time history was greatly modified by the liquefaction.
