Co-authors: Maria Bardají, Angelina Aquino, and Nikolaus P. Himmelmann

Tagalog (an Austronesian language from the Philippines), as well as other Western Austronesian languages, has been analyzed as having a symmetrical voice system (Foley 1998; Himmelmann 2005; Riesberg 2014; Chen & McDonnell 2019, among others). This means that there are at least two transitive constructions called here actor voice and undergoer voice, none of which is more basic than the other. Compare the example in (1). In the actor voice in (1)a, the subject argument, marked by nominative ang, is an agent, and the non-subject argument is an undergoer, marked by genitive ng. In the undergoer voice in (1)b the alignment is reversed: the subject is the undergoer, the non-subject argument the agent. Importantly, the grammatical properties of the core arguments in both clause types are identical: the non-subject argument in both actor and undergoer voice, for example, is marked by ng, cannot be relativized or topicalized, etc. It is not the case that the agentive argument loses its core argument role in the same way it does in European-style passive alternations.

The structural differences between symmetrical voice languages such as Tagalog and languages with asymmetrical voice alternations such as European languages pose a challenge for a universal annotation framework like Universal Dependencies (UD). To be sure, pragmatically the UD annotation scheme allows for language-specific workarounds to overcome the various annotation problems resulting from symmetrical voice alternations, as illustrated by the existing (smallish) UD treebanks for Tagalog. However, even if different annotators agree that the symmetrical voice analysis is the most plausible analysis for Tagalog clause structure (which is not unanimously agreed), there are so many different ways of applying the basic UD scheme that it is difficult to conceive of an annotation scheme for Tagalog which all researchers are happy to work with. Consequently, we want to explore in our talk the question of which assumptions built into the basic UD framework are particularly problematic and whether there are solutions that are theoretically more satisfying and practically more robust than the ad hoc solutions we ourselves have used. Specifically, we will discuss the following issues:

- the assumption that languages only have one basic or unmarked transitive clause.
- the fact that the syntactic functions of subject and object are defined in terms of semantic roles.
- the fact that in Tagalog (and other Philippine languages) arguments are preceded by phrase markers (like ang and ng in (1)) which show characteristics of both determiners and prepositions: they encode specificity, definiteness or deictic distinctions but, like case markers, also indicate the syntactic role of the argument.
- the fact that Austronesian symmetrical voice languages tend to have non-verbal existential constructions. In these constructions, an existential operator is immediately followed by a noun phrase (if denoting existence, as in (2)a) or by two noun phrases (one denoting a possessor and the other the possessum, as in (2)b).

Examples

(1) Tagalog (Schachter & Otanes 1972: 67; 70)

a. ACTOR VOICE

Nag-luto ng pagkain ang nanay.
AV.RLS-cook GEN food NOM mother
‘Mother cooked some food.’

b. UNDERGOER VOICE

B<in>ilí ng mangingisda ang bangka.
<PV.RLS>buy GEN fisherman NOM boat
‘The fisherman bought the boat.’

(2) Tagalog (Schachter & Otanes 1972: 280; 187)

a. EXISTENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

May parti kahapon.
EXIST party yesterday
‘There was a party yesterday.’

b. POSSESSIVE EXISTENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

May pera siya.
EXIST money 3SG
‘He has money.’

References

Chen, Victoria & Bradley McDonnell. 2019.Western Austronesian voice. Annual Review of Linguistics 5(1). 173–195.

Foley, William A. 1998. Symmetrical voice systems and precategoriality in Philippine languages. In: 3rd LFG conference, Brisbane.

Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: Typological characteristics. In The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar, ed. by K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, 110–181. London: Routledge.

Riesberg, Sonja. 2014. Symmetrical voice and linking in western Austronesian languages. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.

Schachter, Paul and Fe Otanes. 1972. Tagalog reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.