
@article {4799,
	title = {A Spectral Taxonomy of Cross-domain-ness in Visual Metaphor Identification Procedure (VISMIP): A Case Study of Three Philippine Editorial Cartoons on Disinformation
 },
	journal = {Philippine Journal of Linguistics},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {66-95},
	abstract = {Ever since the publication of Lakoff and Johnson{\textquoteright}s Metaphors We Live By, we have treated metaphor not so much a literary phenomenon as a cognitive one. Recently, however, metaphor studies have taken a multimodal turn, analyzing how metaphors are visually manifested in advertisements (Forceville, 1996; Urios-Aparisi, 2009) and editorial cartoons (El Refaie, 2009; Teng, 2009). Although such studies are prevalent, these have fallen short on conceptualizing an explicit procedure for visual metaphor identification that does not assume visual elements to already be in a metaphoric relationship. One recent procedure which does provide an explicit methodology is {\v S}orm and Steen{\textquoteright}s Visual Metaphor Identification Procedure (VISMIP) (2018). Despite the differences between verbal and visual metaphors, VISMIP considers cross-domain-ness as one common point of analysis between target and source, characterizing such relationships as either cross-domain or not ({\v S}orm and Steen, 2018, p. 73). Using VISMIP to analyze three editorial cartoons, this paper builds on the binary conception of cross-domain-ness and, in turn, argues for a spectral approach in which target-and-source comparisons occur on varying levels of cross-domain-ness vis-{\`a}-vis the presence of an overlapping hypernym and their relative semantic relationship with it. As a result, this study proposes four degrees of cross-domain-ness: (1) absolute cross-domain-ness, where the target and source are totally distinct; (2) superior cross-domain-ness, where the target is semantically closer to the overlapping hypernym than the source; (3) inferior cross-domain-ness, where the target is semantically farther to the overlapping hypernym than the source; and (4) cohyponymic cross-domain-ness, where the target and source fall under the same hypernym and semantic layer. Ultimately, this paper also explores how VISMIP, being a recent development in the area of multimodal metaphor, shows a lot of promise in furthering studies on Philippine media; the dearth of which proves appealing to future language researchers and metaphor analysts alike.},
	url = {https://www.pjl-phil.com/article/2023/54/nicko-enrique-l.-manalastas},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
