
@article {4826,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}Our silent slavery, our silent martyrdom{\textquoteright}: The Janus-facedness of Silence as a Feminist Rhetorical Art},
	journal = {Humanities Diliman},
	volume = {(Forthcoming)},
	year = {2026},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@article {4823,
	title = {Linguistic landscape study in the Philippines: themes, trends and trajectories},
	journal = {South East Asia Research},
	volume = {33},
	number = {3},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {331-348},
	abstract = {In the last decade, there has been a surge of linguistic landscape studies conducted in the Philippines using varying theoretical and methodological approaches. Local studies, for example, have intersected linguistic landscapes with gender and sexuality, political identity construction and positioning, heritage tourism, language politics and memory studies. While the sociolinguistic subdiscipline is still in its nascent stage, its breadth and diversity of study locales hint at a potentially fruitful field of interest in the country. However, what exactly are the recurrent themes in Philippine linguistic landscape studies? What are the methodological trends that underpin these? And, finally, how can linguistic landscape studies in the country better reflect Philippine social realities and experiences? In this article, I attempt to answer these questions by mapping out the current themes and trends in Philippine linguistic landscape studies.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828X.2025.2531990},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@article {4822,
	title = {Recontextualizing War in a Philippine Semiotic Landscape: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of the Marawi Heroes Memorial in Libingan ng mga Bayani, Philippines},
	journal = {Mortality},
	volume = {(Online First)},
	year = {2025},
	abstract = {War {\textendash} destructive and bloody as it may be {\textendash} has nevertheless been discursively framed as a valiant and noble deed by powerful state institutions and forces through political speeches and legislature. In recent years, however, the multimodal turn in critical discourse analysis saw the rise of war studies through the lens of war monuments and how these selectively frame war as a social practice. Using Abousnnouga and Machin{\textquoteright}s three-dimensional social semiotics framework, this paper explores how semiotic resources employed in the Marawi Siege monument in the\&nbsp;Libingan ng mga Bayani\&nbsp;(Heroes{\textquoteright} Cemetery), Philippines, recontextualize the Marawi Siege by\&nbsp;recontextualizing representations of government forces from violent contexts and situating them instead in sanitised contexts of humanitarian work {\textendash} all the while (visually) silencing the plight of the Maranao people during the Siege. It further revealed that semiotic resources were used to weave a particular frame of narrative in the discourse of war through the celebratory, symbolic, and somewhat propagandistic narrative of the government and military, all of which may have been employed in order to support and provide evidence for its own institutional legitimacy and power.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2025.2535459},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@article {4825,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}They almost equal American children{\textquotedblright}: Epistemic Exclusion as the Colonial Logic of {\textquotedblleft}Correct{\textquotedblright} English in the American Imperial Imaginary},
	journal = {Journal of Language, Identity, and Education},
	volume = {(Online First)},
	year = {2025},
	abstract = {This paper interrogates the notion of {\textquotedblleft}correct English{\textquotedblright} in the Philippines by looking at its colonial genealogy and historical entrenchment and by situating it as an epistemic construct produced through American imperial education, specifically through one of the key tools of mass subjugation: the colonial English textbook. Focusing on English Fundamentals for Filipino Students (1932) by Jaranilla, Potts, and Manalo as a case study, I argue that such texts functioned as mechanisms of colonial control and social engineering (May, 1984), one that is mediated through {\textquotedblleft}proper{\textquotedblright} language use and the subsequent naturalization of American English as the normative standard of English in the country. Furthermore, through a discourse-historical reading of this textbook, I also trace how categories of {\textquotedblleft}correct{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}incorrect{\textquotedblright} English were mobilized to index and sustain colonially induced hierarchies of race, knowledge, and civility. Such pedagogical measures, in effect, revealed how the colonial English textbook operationalized systems of exclusion to codify the American variety as the legitimate and {\textquotedblleft}correct{\textquotedblright} English, thereby demonstrating that {\textquotedblleft}language correctness{\textquotedblright} in the Philippines is not merely a pedagogical convention but a colonial formation embedded in broader regimes of epistemic power.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2025.2580452},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@article {4824,
	title = {Unnamed decolonialities: some thoughts on decoloniality and (English) language scholarship in the Philippines},
	journal = {International Journal of the Sociology of Language},
	volume = {2025},
	number = {296},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {57-75},
	abstract = {In\&nbsp;Decoloniality and language scholarship\&nbsp;{\textendash}\&nbsp;a critical intervention, Rambukwella and Zavala identify three emerging challenges in the ongoing theorization and application of the term {\textquoteleft}decoloniality{\textquoteright} in current language scholarship: the assertion of an alterity untouched by modernity, the creation of new binaries despite efforts to deconstruct them, and the decontextualization and depoliticization of decoloniality. In this response article, we look into how these challenges play out in the Philippine context. Examining our own engagements with decolonial thinking and practice in academic circles in the country with particular focus on the field of English language scholarship, we find the same problematic trends and tendencies, while also observing that there are specific iterations of these issues in Philippine academia and in contemporary decolonial campaigns initiated outside of the academe. It is important to note that while decolonial thinking and efforts are not\&nbsp;new in Philippine academic conversations and in the popular imagination, it remains a new, or perhaps an under-studied or under-utilized, approach and practice in applied/sociolinguistic scholarship, especially as it concerns English. With this broad comparison in mind, our response to the article is divided into three sections. In the first section, we provide a brief historicization of the trajectory of decolonial thinking in the academe after the second world war, right after the Philippines was granted independence by the United\&nbsp;States in 1946. In the second section, we focus on English language scholarship and trace the developments in the field, underscoring what we have observed as a movement from a postcolonial position towards a path that offers more possibilities for decolonization. In the third and final section, we end with the idea of wariness as a useful emotion and disposition with which to make sense of the present decolonial moment that we are experiencing. This wariness has allowed us to, first, examine our own fraught position as English teachers and scholars and the tensions this creates in our attempts at decolonizing English Studies in the country; and second, recognize possibilities of decolonial and decolonizing thought, acts, and practices that are not so named but do the work of such. We call these\&nbsp;unnamed decolonialities. Overall, we believe that the decolonial project in the field of English language scholarship can only be an ever-continuing and ever-evolving one as the project of disrupting existing and emerging power structures associated with the teaching and study of English in the Philippines in the hope of replacing them with more equitable and socially just ones never\&nbsp;ends.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2025-0105},
	author = {Aileen O. Salonga and Nelson M. Buso Jr. and Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas and Grace M. Saqueton}
}
@article {4821,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}We may speak bamboo English, but it is still English{\textquoteright}: The Politics of Language, Coloniality, and Imperial Amnesia in the 1986 Philippine Constitutional Commission},
	journal = {Current Issues in Language Planning},
	volume = {(Online First)},
	year = {2025},
	abstract = {This study unsettles and complicates our understanding of the language provisions stipulated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution, specifically Article XIV, sections 6{\textendash}9, by looking underneath its surface and calling into question the unequal and racialized (post)colonial matrices and relations of power that had informed its drafting and development during the 1986 Philippine Constitutional Commission. Through a critical discursive and historiographical perspective, I argued that conditions of coloniality were articulated during the language provision deliberations of the Commission and were mobilized on two axes, namely, the racialization of language through imperial amnesia and the conflation of neoliberal and linguistic entrepreneurial discourses, both of which perpetuate the effects and legacies of colonialism on language policy-making, teaching, and education even after the period of formal colonization.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2025.2481345},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@article {4811,
	title = {The Communicative Functions of Epitaphs in the Linguistic Landscape of Libingan ng mga Bayani (Heroes{\textquoteright} Cemetery), Philippines},
	journal = {Mortality},
	volume = {29},
	number = {4},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {921-968},
	abstract = {The study of Philippine cemeteries has been traditionally placed within the purview of archaeology, which, broadly speaking, places importance in its material cultures. To further broaden our knowledge about these sites, this paper explores how Philippine cemeteries, particularly\&nbsp;Libingan ng mga Bayani\&nbsp;(LNMB), generate meaning through their linguistic landscape (LL). Using\&nbsp;place semiotics\&nbsp;approach and\&nbsp;indexicality, this study identifies seven communicative functions used in LNMB epitaphs: (1) affective, (2) associative, (3) celebrative, (4) memorative, (6) desiderative, and (7) summative. In doing so, this study not only treats public signs as communicative {\textquoteleft}actors{\textquoteright} which convey meaning and pragmatic function but it also analyzes the act of {\textquoteleft}engaging{\textquoteright} with epitaphs as a highly contextualised speech event. Finally, this study argues that epitaphs signify discourses of memory, remembrance, and patriotism and index sociocultural and political realities, all of which contribute to the creation of LNMB not only as a cemetery\&nbsp;per se\&nbsp;but also as a place of experience and embodiment.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2023.2268539},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@article {4813,
	title = {Domain Dichotomization and Sociolinguistic Inequality in Philippine Museum Spaces: Evidence from the Linguistic Landscape},
	journal = {Linguistic Landscape: An International Journal},
	volume = {10},
	number = {3},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {232-252},
	abstract = {The prevailing notion on the scholastic domains of English and Filipino is that the former is used for science, whereas the latter is reserved for the social sciences. Despite its questionable veracity, this domain dichotomy has nevertheless been adopted in Philippine education, particularly in the 1974 Bilingual Education Policy (Sibayan, 1978; Gonzalez, 1990). Using Scollon and Scollon{\textquoteright}s (2003) concept of emplacement and Kress and van Leeuwen{\textquoteright}s (1996) information value as theoretical points of departure and Tupas{\textquoteright} (2008, 2015a) {\textquoteleft}Unequal Englishes{\textquoteright} paradigm as an analytical framework, this paper investigates whether this dichotomy has permeated into the Linguistic Landscapes of two national museums in Manila. It finds that there is a strong tendency for the natural history museum to privilege English in bilingual signs and the anthropological museum to privilege Filipino, thereby suggesting that this split has already been reified in language practices outside the realm of education policy making and politics.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.23055.man},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@article {4805,
	title = {Language Politics and Prestige in The Walled City: An Exploratory Study of the Linguistic Landscape of Intramuros, Manila},
	journal = {Multimodal Communication},
	volume = {13},
	number = {3},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {311-333},
	abstract = {Tupas and Lorente (2014. A {\textquoteleft}new{\textquoteright} politics of language in the Philippines: Bilingual education and the new challenge of the mother tongues. In Peter Sercombe \&amp; Ruanni Tupas (eds.),\&nbsp;Language, education and nation-building: Assimilation and shift in Southeast Asia, 165{\textendash}180. New York: Springer) contended that {\textquotedblleft}the politics of language in the Philippines always featured the tension between English on the one hand and the vernacular languages on the other.{\textquotedblright} But how exactly does this language dynamic manifest itself in the linguistic landscapes (LL) of the Philippines? To explore this question, this paper conducted an exploratory LL analysis of Intramuros, the famed {\textquotedblleft}Walled City{\textquotedblright} of Manila, using Scollon and Scollon{\textquoteright}s (2003.\&nbsp;Discourses in place: Language in the material world. London: Routledge)\&nbsp;place semiotics\&nbsp;and Ben-Rafael et\&nbsp;al.{\textquoteright}s (2006. Linguistic landscape as symbolic construction of the public space: The case of Israel.\&nbsp;International Journal of Multilingualism\&nbsp;3(1). 7{\textendash}30)\&nbsp;top-down\&nbsp;and\&nbsp;bottom-up\&nbsp;sign classification. It found that English-based signs are used to accommodate a global\&nbsp;audience, i.e.,\&nbsp;foreign tourists, whereas Filipino-based signs are used to police and regulate the behavior of\&nbsp;residents and, to a certain extent, local tourists. To conclude, it argued that by looking at its linguistic landscape, historical districts like Intramuros articulate beliefs and assumptions on language that, in turn, make them deeply political and ideological sites.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/mc-2024-0015},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@article {4809,
	title = {Legalities of Language Use in Linguistic Landscaping: Exploring English Linguistic Imperialism in the Philippines},
	journal = {Language Problems and Language Planning},
	volume = {48},
	number = {1},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {75-102},
	abstract = {Linguistic landscapes, according to Backhaus (2009: 170), are {\textquotedblleft}consciously shaped and controlled by official rules and regulations.{\textquotedblright} However, the current body of Philippine linguistic landscape research\&nbsp;{\textendash} under-studied as it already is\&nbsp;{\textendash} lacks a close examination of Philippine national laws governing the (re)production of public signage. This paper therefore investigates the linguistic and ideological underpinnings of select [{\textellipsis}] national sign laws by situating these not only within the context of their legal precedents, mandates, and history but also through an examination of 600 public signs collected from six diverse region centers in the Philippines. It examines how national laws prefer English in public signs over local and Indigenous languages, thereby perpetuating what Phillipson (1992) calls {\textquotedblleft}English linguistic imperialism{\textquotedblright} and exacerbating the unequal power dynamics between those who speak English and those who do not in the Philippines.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.24006.man},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas and Sean Virgil J. Auxtero}
}
@article {4802,
	title = {Of Politics and the Pandemic: Communicating Weak Governance and Pandemic Response through Multimodal Metaphors and Metonymies in Philippine Editorial Cartoons},
	journal = {Philippine Journal of Linguistics},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {27-40},
	abstract = {In the Philippines, the COVID-19 pandemic was not just a medical crisis but also a political one. Itexposed {\textquotedblleft}the weaknesses of state institutions, the exploitation of disaster for vested interests, andimbalanced central-local relations{\textquotedblright} (Calimbahin \&amp; Agojo, 2023, p. 42). Using critical metaphoranalysis, I therefore investigate how this sentiment is instantiated through PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENTmetaphors and metonymies in Philippine Daily Inquirer editorial cartoons. I ascertain how theinteraction between metaphors and metonymies brings about the critical standpoint of the cartoon,which comments on the Philippine government and its pandemic response; it, for example, wascommonly metaphorized in a negative light through the conceptual metonymy TURTLE FOR SLOWNESS,highlighting its sluggish and slow pandemic response. I conclude that analyzing the underlyingconceptual metaphor-metonymy system used in an editorial cartoon not only surfaces the meaning-making process behind their creation, but also the ideologies and sentiments that inform them.},
	url = {https://www.pjl-phil.com/_files/ugd/9b08c1_4a73b995f31a46e7b17f34e4c233604a.pdf },
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@mastersthesis {4827,
	title = {A Diachronic Study of COVID-19 Pandemic Multimodal Metaphors in Philippine Editorial Cartoons, 2019-2022},
	year = {2023},
	type = {Undergraduate Thesis},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@article {4810,
	title = {(De-)Monstering COVID-19: A Diachronic Study of COVID-19 Virus Multimodal Metaphors in Philippine Editorial Cartoons, 2019-2022},
	journal = {Multimodal Communication},
	volume = {12},
	number = {3},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {207-222},
	abstract = {In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic has been studied extensively through the lens of\&nbsp;conceptual metaphor theory. However, only one study has focused on the\&nbsp;metaphorization of the COVID-19 pandemic in a strictly Philippine milieu. None so far has published on pandemic- related\&nbsp;multimodal\&nbsp;metaphors in Philippine media, let\&nbsp;alone shed light on these through a diachronic perspective. Using conceptual metaphor theory and\&nbsp;visual metaphor identification procedure, this study analysed 203 pandemic-related editorial cartoons published by a Philippine national publication from December 2019 to February 2022. It investigated the diachronic conceptualizations of the conceptual domain COVID-19 VIRUS in the Philippines as captured by the neutralizing or\&nbsp;{\textquoteleft}de-monstering{\textquoteright} of the virus from the COVID-19 IS A MONSTER to the COVID-19 IS A LIVING ENTITY multimodal metaphor. It argued that the trends of metaphorization correlate with the shifting sociocultural and political attitudes towards the COVID-19 pandemic as a global and local healthcare crisis. Essentially, this study not only explored the dynamics between media and cognition, but it also analysed how the multimodal metaphorizations of COVID-19 reflect Filipino socio-political realities and cultural underpinnings during turbulent times.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/mc-2023-0015},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@article {4799,
	title = {A Spectral Taxonomy of Cross-domain-ness in Visual Metaphor Identification Procedure (VISMIP): A Case Study of Three Philippine Editorial Cartoons on Disinformation
 },
	journal = {Philippine Journal of Linguistics},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {66-95},
	abstract = {Ever since the publication of Lakoff and Johnson{\textquoteright}s Metaphors We Live By, we have treated metaphor not so much a literary phenomenon as a cognitive one. Recently, however, metaphor studies have taken a multimodal turn, analyzing how metaphors are visually manifested in advertisements (Forceville, 1996; Urios-Aparisi, 2009) and editorial cartoons (El Refaie, 2009; Teng, 2009). Although such studies are prevalent, these have fallen short on conceptualizing an explicit procedure for visual metaphor identification that does not assume visual elements to already be in a metaphoric relationship. One recent procedure which does provide an explicit methodology is {\v S}orm and Steen{\textquoteright}s Visual Metaphor Identification Procedure (VISMIP) (2018). Despite the differences between verbal and visual metaphors, VISMIP considers cross-domain-ness as one common point of analysis between target and source, characterizing such relationships as either cross-domain or not ({\v S}orm and Steen, 2018, p. 73). Using VISMIP to analyze three editorial cartoons, this paper builds on the binary conception of cross-domain-ness and, in turn, argues for a spectral approach in which target-and-source comparisons occur on varying levels of cross-domain-ness vis-{\`a}-vis the presence of an overlapping hypernym and their relative semantic relationship with it. As a result, this study proposes four degrees of cross-domain-ness: (1) absolute cross-domain-ness, where the target and source are totally distinct; (2) superior cross-domain-ness, where the target is semantically closer to the overlapping hypernym than the source; (3) inferior cross-domain-ness, where the target is semantically farther to the overlapping hypernym than the source; and (4) cohyponymic cross-domain-ness, where the target and source fall under the same hypernym and semantic layer. Ultimately, this paper also explores how VISMIP, being a recent development in the area of multimodal metaphor, shows a lot of promise in furthering studies on Philippine media; the dearth of which proves appealing to future language researchers and metaphor analysts alike.},
	url = {https://www.pjl-phil.com/article/2023/54/nicko-enrique-l.-manalastas},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
@article {4820,
	title = {The Good and the Bad: The Social Role and Position of English in the Philippines. UP Working Papers in Linguistics},
	journal = {UP Working Papers in Linguistics},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {211-214},
	abstract = {A preliminary investigation of English in the Philippines and its social and economic repercussions.},
	url = {https://linguistics.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/26-The-Good-and-the-Bad-The-Social-Role-and-Position-of-English-in-the-Philippines.pdf},
	author = {Nicko Enrique L. Manalastas}
}
