
@article {4063,
	title = {Designing a marine outfall to reduce microbial risk on a recreational beach: Field experiment and modeling},
	journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
	volume = {409},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {124587},
	abstract = {A\&nbsp;marine outfall\&nbsp;can be a\&nbsp;wastewater management\&nbsp;system that discharges sewage and\&nbsp;stormwater\&nbsp;into the sea; hence, it is a source of microbial pollution on recreational beaches, including antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), which lead to an increase in untreatable diseases. In this regard, a marine outfall must be efficiently located to mitigate these risks. This study aimed to 1) investigate the spatiotemporal variability of\&nbsp;Escherichia coli\&nbsp;(E.\&nbsp;coli) and ARGs on a recreational beach and 2) design marine outfalls to reduce microbial risks. For this purpose,\&nbsp;E. coli\&nbsp;and ARGs with influential environmental variables were intensively monitored on Gwangalli beach, South Korea in this study.\&nbsp;Environmental fluid dynamic\&nbsp;code (EFDC) was used and calibrated using the monitoring data, and 12 outfall extension scenarios were explored (6 locations at 2 depths). The results revealed that repositioning the marine outfall can significantly reduce the concentrations of\&nbsp;E. coli\&nbsp;and ARGs on the beach by 46{\textendash}99\%. Offshore extended outfalls at the bottom of the sea reduced concentrations of\&nbsp;E. coli\&nbsp;and ARGs on the beach more effectively than onshore outfalls at the sea surface. These findings could be helpful in establishing microbial pollution management plans at recreational beaches in the future.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124587},
	author = {Minjeong Kim and Mayzonee Ligaray and Yongsung Kwon and Soobin Kim and Sangsoo Baek and JongCheol Pyo and Gahyun Baek and Jingyeong Shin and Jaai Kim and Changsoo Lee and Young Mo Kim and Kyung Hwa Cho}
}
